超的共享空间

由次贷危机引发的美国信贷危机，已经变成金融危机，灾及全球，形成全世界范围内的经济危机。近读英语文章，发现到处充斥有关金融危机的文章，经常可以看到以下词汇：

 

1.  panic: 恐慌，惊恐。动词是to panick

2. seized-up：卡壳的，重病的 c.f. Look beyond the stockmarkets, especially at the seized-up money markets, and there is little to see except bank failures, emergency rescues and high anxiety in the credit markets.

3. to bail out, bailout：救市；

4. subprime ：次贷

6. credit crisis： 信贷危机

7. Messrs ： 先生的复数。c.f :  Messrs Bush and Paulson held the same view about how to bail the credit market out and stablize the financial sector.

8. tumble; fall sharply and suddenly.

9. crash: 崩盘

10. plunge: 跳水

11. loss: 亏损

12. sell-off：抛盘： a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade

13. rescue ：援救

14. Speculation among traders：交易者之间的投机

15.crush： to compress with violence, out of natural shape or conditio

16. tumult：a state of commotion and noise and confusion ，骚动

17. fearful investors：惊恐的投资者

18. the frantic pace：

19. Great Depression：1929年经济危机

20.  under strain : 处于窘境。

21. a bleak view of the future：对前途持悲观的看法

22. mortgage debt ：抵押债务

23. slump：a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality

24.recession ：衰退

25. disaster：灾难

26.hapless：倒霉的

27. vulnerable:：susceptible to attack .c.f .Paulson's comments showed how vulnerable the market is, and how it can shoot up or down in minutes.

28. liquidity：偿债能力，流动性

29. solvency：偿付能力

30. hoard cash：揽现

31. ad hoc: often improvised or impromptu 特定,专门,临时

32 hedge: any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two positions that will offset each other if prices change 期货，套期保值

33 meltdown：萧条，像核电厂核岛熔化一样的灾难,

34. turmoil：动荡

35.rally：大升

36. exacerbate: make worse. c.f. The worries on the Street have been exacerbated by the spread of the U.S. credit problems overse

37.precipitous: extremely steep.

38. short-term Treasurys :短期国债

39.credit crunch:信用紧缩（使用频率最高的词汇之一）

40. bloodbath: 大屠杀

41.plummete：直线下降

42.catastrophe：灾难

43: free fall: 直线下降

44: to hit a new low in .... years (months)，达到....年（月）的新底

45. economic recession：经济衰退

46 to surge: 急速上涨

47. to rebounce: 反弹

48. sharp gains: 剧烈上升

49. to dump shares: 抛盘

50: volatility: 易变状态;

51:hedge fund: 套利基金；避险基金

52. crumble: v. 崩溃,弄碎,减亡

53. be scrambling to do something: to move hurriedly to take measures. (常用词汇，中国人往往不会使用）

54.emerging markets： 新兴市场，例如金砖四国。

55. downturn：下行

56. rate cut： 利率下调

57.dysfunctional： impaired in function; especially of a bodily system or organ

58.stimulus：刺激（方案）

59.current-account ：that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

60. magic recipes：灵丹妙药

 

十三陵The Ming Tombs
雍和宫Yonghe Lamasery
中华世纪坦China Century Altar
秦始皇陵The Emperor Qin Shihuang's Tomb
天安门广场Tian'anmen Square
华表Ornamental Pillars
人民英雄纪念碑The Monument to the People's Heroes
毛主席纪念堂Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
人民大会堂The Great Hall of the People
故宫The Forbidden City
乾清宫The Palace of Heavenly Purity
坤宁宫The Palace of Earthly Tranquility
御花园The Imperial Garden
九龙壁The Nine Dragon Screen
天坛The Temple of Heaven
回音壁Echo Wall
祈年殿The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest
颐和园The Summer Palace
佛香阁The Tower of Buddhist Incense
石舫The Marble Boat
十七孔桥The 17-Arch Bridge
铜牛Bronze Ox
谐趣园The Garden of Harmonious Interests
长城The Great Wall
居庸关Juyongguan Pass
北海公园: Beihai Park
故宫博物院: the Palace Museum
革命历史博物馆: The Museum of Revolutionary History
天安门广场: Tian’anmen Square
毛主席纪念堂:Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial Hall
保和殿: the Hall of Preserving Harmony
中和殿: the Hall of Central Harmony
长城: the Great Wall
午门: the Meridian Gate
紫金山天文台: Purple and Gold Hills Observation
紫禁城: the Forbidden City
御花园: Imperial Garden
颐花园: Summer Palace
天 坛: Temple of Heaven
周口店遗址: Zhoukoudian Ancient Site
太和殿: the Hall of Supreme Harmony
祈年殿: the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.
少年宫: the Children’s Palace
烽火台: the Beacon Tower
人民大会堂: the Great Hall of the People
清东陵: Easten Royal Toms of the Qing Dynasty
乾清宫: Palace of Heavenly Purity
民族文化宫: the Cultural Palace for Nationalities
劳动人民文化宫:Worker People’s Cultural Palace
北京工人体育馆:Beijing Workers’ Stadium

护城河: the Moat
仙人洞: Fairy Cave
黄果树瀑布:Huangguoshu Falls
西山晴雪: the Sunny Western Hills after Snow
避暑山庄:the Imperial Mountain Summer Resort
龙门石窟: Longmen Cave
苏州园林:Suzhou Gardens
庐山 :Lushan Mountain
天池: Heaven Poll
蓬莱水城: Penglai Water City
大雁塔: Big Wild Goose Pagoda
华山: Huashan Mountain
峨眉山:Emei Mountain
石林: Stone Forest
西湖: West Lake
白马寺: White Horse Temple
白云山: White Cloud Mountain.
布达拉宫 :Potala Palace
大运河: Grand Canal
滇池: Dianchi Lake
杜甫草堂: Du Fu Cottage
都江堰: Dujiang Dam
鼓浪屿: Gulangyu Islet
观音阁: Goddess of Mercy Pavilion
归元寺: Guiyuan Buddhist Temple
甘露寺: Sweet Dew Temple
黄花岗七十二烈士墓:Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs
华清池: Huaqing Hot Spring
昭君墓: Zhaojun’s Tomb
毛泽东故居:Mao Zedong’s Former Residence
周恩来故居:Zhou Enlai’s Former Residence
越秀公园: Yuexiu Park
岳阳楼: Yueyang Tower
南湖公园: South Lake Park
中山公园: Zhongshan Park
漓江: Lijiang River
寒山寺: Hanshan Temple
静心斋: Heart-East Study
黄鹤楼: Yellow Crane Tower
黄山 : Huangshan Mountain
天下第一关:the First Pass Under Heaven
桂林山水:Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters
秦始皇兵马俑: Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Figurines
HuaQING hot spring 华清池
drum tower 鼓楼
Great GOOSE pagoda 大雁塔
the West Lake西湖
泰山：Mount Taishan
庐山：Mt. Lu 天安门及广场 Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square
故宫 The Palace Museum
天坛 The Temple of Heaven
颐和园 The Summer Palace
长城 The Great Wall
(八达岭长城 The Great Wall at Badaling
居庸关长城 The Great Wall at Juyongguan Pass
慕田峪长城 The Great Wall at Mutianyu
司马台长城 The Great Wall at Simatai)
明十三陵 The Ming Tombs
北海公园 Beihai Park
雍和宫 Yonghegong Larmasery
白云观 The White Cloud Taoist Temple
北京孔庙 Beijing Confucius Temple
国子监 The Imperial College
潭柘寺 Tanzhe Temple
圆明园 The Ruins of Yuanmingyuan
周口店北京猿人遗址 Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian
中华民族园 Chinese Ethnic Culture Park
世界公园 Beijing World Park
中华世纪坛 China Century Altar
桂林山水 the Landscape of Guilin
杭州西湖 the West Lake of Hangzhou
故宫 the Imperial Palace
苏州园林 the Gardens of Suzhou
安徽黄山 Mount Huang of Anhui
长江三峡 the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River
台湾日月潭 the Sun and Moon Lake of Taiwan
河北承德避暑山庄 the Summer Mountain Resort in Chengde, Hebei
陕西秦始皇陵兵马俑 Terra Cotta Warriors

THE HAGUE 海牙, Netherlands (CNN) -- Former Bosnian Serb 波黑塞族共和国 leader Radovan Karadzic arrived Wednesday morning in The Netherlands to answer to war crimes charges at The Hague.

The International Criminal Tribunal 法庭for the Former Yugoslavia at The Hague said in a statement that it took custody保管，监押 of Karadzic after his extradition引渡 from Serbia. Karadzic has been admitted to a UN detention拘留 center at The Hague, the statement said.

Karadzic faces 11 charges of genocide种族灭绝, crimes against humanity and violations of the law of war. The charges stem from the 1992-95 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina黑塞哥维那, when Karadzic was president of a breakaway Serb republic.

The war-crimes tribunal accuses Karadzic of leading a campaign that killed thousands of men, women and children -- mainly Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats克罗地亚 who were killed by Serbs as part of a violent effort to rid the region of non-Serbs.

Forces under Karadzic's command rounded up tens of thousands of non-Serbs and held them in camps where, an indictment says, the Serbian forces "tortured, mistreated, sexually assaulted and killed non-Serbs," the tribunal said Wednesday.

"The indictment also charges Karadzic with responsibility for a protracted 长期的 campaign of shelling炮击 and sniping狙击 of civilian areas of Sarajevo萨拉热窝, killing and wounding thousands of civilians, including children and the elderly," a tribunal statement said.

Serbian authorities arrested Karadzic July 21 in Belgrade, Serbia, ending his more than 13 years as one of Europe's most wanted men -- a time during which he disguised himself by growing a long white beard and mustache and re-invented himself as a practitioner of alternative medicine.

The authorities in Serbia took the first steps to extradite him around 3:30 a.m. Wednesday (9:30 p.m. Tuesday ET), when black Range Rovers driven by masked men pulled into a detention center where the former leader was being held.

In the next day or two, the former leader is likely to face a judge to hear the formal charges against him. Karadzic will have the chance at that hearing to enter a plea认罪 -- or defer entering a plea for 30 days.

A trial probably is several months away.

The transfer from Serbia began in the pre-dawn darkness, several hours after thousands of Karadzic's supporters waved flags and chanted nationalist slogans口号 in a rally in Belgrade.

The onetime psychiatrist and aspiring poet was arrested July 21 after more than a decade as a fugitive.逃犯

During the rally on Tuesday night, Karadzic supporters decried诋毁 the prospect of his transfer to an international war-crimes tribunal.

"I'm here to support the movement of the people, to defend Karadzic from those cannibals in The Hague -- so-called judges," one man told CNN. "That is not judgment. That is inquisition."

A few dozen demonstrators clashed with police about a block from the square as the rally broke up, some setting fire to garbage cans. Police used tear gas to disperse them, and no injuries were reported.

Ultranationalist Serb parties organized the rally in central Belgrade, but Serbian President Boris Tadic reaffirmed his support for Karadzic's extradition, saying his government is "obeying our own laws."

"Those who are organizing and supporting this protest had the opportunity to change the law while they had a majority in parliament," said Tadic, whose government wants closer ties with the West. "They did not change this law because they did not want to or because they did not have enough political courage to change it."

The Bosnian war was Europe's bloodiest conflict since World War II and the longest of the wars spawned促成 by the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Backed by the government of then-Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb forces seized control of more than half the country and launched a campaign against the Muslim and Croat populations that introduced the term "ethnic cleansing" to the world.

Karadzic was removed from power in 1995, when the Dayton Accords that ended the Bosnian war barred禁止anyone accused of war crimes from holding office. Though he portrayed Serbs as victims, Karadzic is accused of responsibility for the massacre at Srebrenica, a U.N. "safe area" Serb troops overran in July 1995.

Nearly 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed at Srebrenica, the worst European massacre since World War II.

Milosevic died in 2006 while on trial at The Hague. The highest-ranking figure to remain at large is Gen. Ratko Mladic, the Bosnian Serb military commander during the Bosnian war.

The Geneva Conventions are international treaties binding on all States which have accepted them.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In 1859 Henry Dunant, a Swiss citizen, witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino and was horrified by the sight of thousands of wounded soldiers lying helpless and abandoned with no one to care for them.
This experience led him to suggest the setting up of voluntary relief societies who could be trained, during peacetime, to care for the wounded in time of war.
He also called for an international agreement to be drawn up to protect the wounded, and those who looked after them, from further attack.
In 1863 Henri Dunant arranged an unofficial international conference at which it was agreed that each country should form a relief organisation capable of assisting the Army Medical Services in wartime.
This was how the Red Cross began.

In 1864 governments were invited to send representatives to a diplomatic conference. As a result 12 European nations signed a treaty stating that in future wars they would care for all sick and wounded military personnel, regardless of nationality. They would also recognise the neutrality of medical personnel, hospitals and ambulances identified by the emblem of a red cross on a white background.
The treaty was called the Geneva Convention. This Convention was concerned only with soldiers wounded on the battlefield. Over the years, however, it has been expanded to cover everyone caught up in conflicts but not actually taking an active part in the fighting.

There are now four Geneva Conventions, which were drawn up in 1949. They cover armed forces on land and at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians. And all of them have now been accepted by virtually every State in the world. Britain ratified the four Conventions in 1957.

In addition, two new Protocols (a Protocol is an addition or amendment to a Convention) were drawn up in 1977 at a diplomatic conference (attended by Britain).


CONTENT

The Conventions are long and complicated, but they are essentially a series of 'do's' and 'don'ts' to apply during conflict to protect vulnerable and defenceless individuals. Their underlying principles can be simply stated.

The human dignity of all individuals must be respected at all times. Everything possible must be done, without any kind of discrimination, to reduce the suffering of people who have been put out of action by sickness, wounds or captivity whether or not they have taken direct part in the conflict.

The First Protocol extends the Conventions, taking into consideration modern means of warfare and transport and aiming to give further protection to civilians. The Second Protocol provides a code of minimum protection for the combatants and the civilian population during civil wars.

Summary of main points

The distinctive emblems defined in the Geneva Conventions are the red cross or the red crescent on a white background. In order to retain their protective status in wartime, these emblems may not be used either in peace or war except to indicate or to protect the medical personnel, establishments and material protected by the Conventions. (National Societies may, in accordance with their national legislation, make use of the emblem for their other peacetime activities.) In wartime they must not use the emblem to signify that 'protection' is conferred by it, unless specifically authorised to do by their governments: in this way the sign of the red cross or red crescent is itself protected from abuse.

The first Geneva Convention ("for the Amelioration of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces and Field") and the second Geneva Convention ("for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea") are similar, covering land and sea respectively. They embody the main idea which led to the founding of the Red Cross: if a member of the armed forces is wounded or sick, and therefore in no condition to take an active part in the hostilities, he is no longer part of the fighting force and becomes a vulnerable person in need of protection and care.

The main points of these two Conventions are: The sick, wounded and shipwrecked must be cared for adequately. Belligerents must treat members of the enemy force who are wounded, sick or shipwrecked as carefully they would their own. All efforts should be made to collect the dead quickly; to confirm death by medical examination; to identify bodies and protect them from robbery. Medical equipment must not be intentionally destroyed and medical establishments and vehicles must not be attacked, damaged or prevented from operating even if, for the moment, they do not contain patients.

The third Geneva Convention ("Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War") covers members of the armed forces who fall into enemy hands. They are in the power of the enemy State, not of the individuals or troops who have captured them


Prisoners of war MUST be:

- Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour.
- Enabled to inform their next of kin and the Central Prisoners of War Agency (ICRC, the International Red Cross) of their capture.
- Allowed to correspond regularly with relatives and to receive relief parcels.
- Allowed to keep their clothes, feeding utensils and personal effects.
- Supplied with adequate food and clothing.
- Provided with quarters not inferior to those of their captor's troops.
- Given the medical care their state of health demands.
- Paid for any work they do.
- Repatriated if certified seriously ill or wounded, (but they must not resume active military duties afterwards) .
- Quickly released and repatriated when hostilities cease.

Prisoners of war must NOT be:
-Compelled to give any information other than their name, age, rank and service number.
- Deprived of money or valuables without a receipt (and these must be returned at the time of release).
- Given individual privileges other than for reasons of health, sex, age, military rank or professional qualifications.
- Held in close confinement except for breaches of the law, although their liberty can be restricted for security reasons.
- Compelled to do military work, nor work which is dangerous, unhealthy or degrading.

The fourth Geneva Convention ("Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War") covers all individuals "who do not belong to the armed forces, take no part in the hostilities and find themselves in the hands of the Enemy or an Occupying Power".


Protected civilians MUST be:
- Treated humanely at all times and protected against acts or threats of violence, insults and public curiosity.
- Entitled to respect for their honour, family rights, religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs.
- Specially protected, for example in safety zones, if wounded, sick, old, children under 15, expectant mothers or mothers of children under 7.
- Enabled to exchange family news of a personal kind. - Helped to secure news of family members dispersed by the conflict
- Allowed to practise their religion with ministers of their own faith. Civilians who are interned have the same rights as prisoners of war. They may also ask to have their children interned with them, and wherever possible families should be housed together and provided with the facilities to continue normal family life. Wounded or sick civilians, civilian hospitals and staff, and hospital transport by land, sea or air must be specially respected and may be placed under protection of the red cross/crescent emblem.

Protected civilians must NOT be:
- Discriminated against because of race, religion or political opinion. - Forced to give information.
- Used to shield military operations or make an area immune from military operations.
- Punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. - Women must not be indecently assaulted, raped, or forced into prostitution.